After Darius retreated, Megabazus was left: he conquered the Thracians and created a new satrapy of Thrace. Darius' motive may have been subduing the Greeks and Thracians along Aegean and Black sea. Ionian Greeks were left to guard his retreat (bridge over the Danube): Histiaeus the tyrant stayed true to Darius, Miltiades the Athenian urged betrayal of Darius. 513: Darius' "Scythian Expedition": Northward (perhaps as far as the Ukraine).Aramaic language became lingua franca of Eastern Mediterranean. Exploration (Scylax of Caryanda went down Indus and showed up 2.5 years later in the Red Sea: Hdt. Darius tries to apply the laws of the Medes and Persians to his whole empire while at the same time preserving the conquered people's structures (pharaohs in Egypt, Babylonian Kings, but at the same time Persian satrapies). Persian Nobles who helped him to power enjoyed privileges. Darius was an absolute monarch, sacred, not divine, but was constrained by custom and law. 521-486: The reign of Darius in Persia.3.80-the "constitutional debate.") The Behistun inscription records Darius' version (see images with nine conquered kings). says he cut his own leg with his sword) the accession of Darius (Hdt. 522-521: The revolt of the Magi the death of Cambyses (Hdt.
Ionian and Aeolian Greeks fought on Cambyses side, while Egypt had Greek and Carian mercenaries.
Independent, trading, curious, middle-class city-states vs. Greeks decided to resist, and they asked Sparta for help (Sparta send a ship: famous obvservation of Cyrus: "cities with a place for liars in the middle"). 546: with the fall of Sardis and Croesus, Greeks asked Cyrus for same terms as they had under Croesus.Alcman was reputed to be a Lydian, and Hipponax of Ephesus included many Lydian words in his poems. He subdued many Greek cities, but his evil deeds seem to have been glossed over once the new enemy, Persia came on the scene. Croesus was "tricked" by Delphi: "if he fought Persia, a great empire would be destroyed." Fate of Croesus is uncertain, in spite of Hdt.: probably influenced by Delphic oracle trying to clean up its image. 549-546: Cyrus attacks Lydia and conquers Croesus at Sardis. 559: Cyrus comes to throne of Persia, start of a new dynasty.images of the temple of Artemis: note orientalizing influence). The first city he brings under his sway is Ephesus (cf. 560-546: Croesus rules over Lydia and brings many Greek cities under his sway (they pay tribute): Miletus is an exception. 585: truce between Medes and Lydians (eclipse: Greek Thales of Miletus "predicted" it).586: Nebuchadnezzar, King of neo-Babylonia, destroyed Jerusalem (beginning of Babylonian Captivity).594: The archonship of Solon (note themes of "Nothing in Excess" and "Know Yourself" in stories of Solon at the court of Croesus: note also anachronism of story).612: Medes and Babylonians conquer Ninevah, capital of Assyrian empire: end of an era.įour powers in Eastern Mediterranean: Egypt, Babylonia, Medes, Lydians.Era of Greek tyrants, some subservient to Lydians. Periander of Corinth was mediator (he also mediated between Athens and Mytilene in dispute about Sigeum on the Troad). Mid-7th century: Alyattes (3rd successor to Gyges) became allied with Miletus.Great interaction between Lydians and Greeks: social, religious, and military. Gyges set pattern of efforts to control Greeks of Asia Minor. Candaules and Gyges the usurper (Gyges ruled until ca. Lydians probably formed a united kingdom to resist Cimmerians. Also, disintegration of the probable Phrygian overlordship of Lydia (Cimmerians coming from North are responsible). Capital at Ecbatana ("place of assembly"). Early 7th century: Coalescence of Median kingdom as a unit (Deioces was first king according to Hdt.Some parts of this are verbatim from there still, but I have vastly increased it. This timeline is based on a bare-bones one taken from.
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